[104] A one-party communist dictatorship was formed in Cuba when a US-backed dictatorship was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, creating the only Soviet-backed dictatorship in the western hemisphere. Latin America experienced a dramatic political change in the last quarter of the twentieth century. [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. Accused of crimes against humanity, Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death in 2006. Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators Equatorial Guinea. The dictator is the absolute ruler. Is North Korea a dictatorship? "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. (Image Wikipedia) Electoral process and pluralism: 0.00. 10. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. [1]:68 The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008. Argentina and Mexico are the countries with Dictatorship as a government form. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Exceptions to the pattern of poverty in dictatorships include oil-rich Middle Eastern dictatorships and the East Asian Tigers during their periods of dictatorship. Repression is the accumulation of state behaviors that target actors who challenge beliefs, institutions, and actions of the dictatorship. Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. As you can see, fascism was at its highest popularity during the 1930's. 1. This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. Leaders of these dictatorships often place those loyal to them in positions of power (qualified or not), and foster cults of personality to sway public opinion to their side. African Dictators The Countries with Dictatorships in the Modern World As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." Current dictatorships include Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, and North Korea. A totalitarian government has "total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations". Many others developed following a period of warlordism. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . [144] Since the end of the Cold War, more dictatorships have established "semi-competitive" elections in which opposition is allowed to participate in elections but is not allowed to win, with approximately two-thirds of dictatorships permitting opposition candidates in 2018. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. Most of them are characterized by a single leader with either no party or one that is weak. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . The first distinction made is whether a country has a government has legislative responsibility, i.e. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. While Latin America, Asia, and Africa were already dictatorship countries, they differed from the dictatorships formed in what became known as the Eastern Bloc. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly. The economic focus of a dictatorship often depends on the strength of the opposition, as a weaker opposition allows a dictator to extract additional wealth from the economy through corruption.[125]. His wealth is estimated to be approximately $600 million. Imelda Marcos. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. The fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in Italy , from 1943 to 1945. [114] The countries of Central Asia did not liberalize after the fall of the Soviet Union, instead forming as dictatorships led by former elites of the Communist Party and then later by successive dictators. [74] The Bolsheviks consolidated power by 1922, forming the Soviet Union. " Nigeria - 1966 to 1975 - Yakubu Gowon. [129], Several factors determine the stability of a dictatorship, and they must maintain some degree of popular support to prevent resistance groups from growing. Nazi and fascist regimes in Europe, Communist single-party states, military juntas in Latin America and . Many countries today are still under a dictatorship, including: Cambodia China North Korea Russia And many more! Hybrid dictatorships are regimes that have a combination of these classifications. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. The 20th century also saw the rise of personalist dictatorships in Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America, both of which became prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. Allowing the opposition to have representation in the regime, such as through a legislature, further reduces the likelihood of terrorist attacks in a dictatorship. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof. [51] In the modern era, absolute monarchies are most common in the Middle East. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. An autocracy, monarchy, and dictatorship. Other countries with dictatorships and authoritarian rule, such as Cuba, Syria, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Belarus, could also be considered totalitarian governments. Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. These movements supported pan-Arab Nasserism during most of the Cold War, but they were largely replaced by Islamic nationalism by the 1980s. Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator.Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. [44] As a result of authoritarian politics, a series of major issues may ensue. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. Dictatorships have arisen throughout history, usually in times of crisis. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. Synonyms for DICTATORSHIP: tyranny, autocracy, fascism, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, despotism, absolutism, autarchy; Antonyms of DICTATORSHIP: democracy . A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. [18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. [116] Dictatorships in the Middle East are primarily guided by Islamic nationalism. Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speechthe press can only publish what he allows them toand has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. The chief executive can take many names including chancellor, prime minister, or premier and the heads of the executive departments can bear different names and be called different things. Epidemic of First World War After the first world war, countries got disturbed to conduct democratic governments and managements. [94], Marxist and nationalist movements became popular in Southeast Asia as a response to colonial control and the subsequent Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, with both ideologies facilitating the creation of dictatorships after World War II. An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. [1][8]:454 It is important to note that these names do not have to correspond to the official or colloquial titles of any of the countries offices. [149] Military and one-party dictatorships are more likely to experience terrorism than personalist dictatorships, as these regimes are under more pressure to undergo institutional change in response to terrorism.[150]. If you're looking for the names of countries with dictatorship governments then you're in the right place. "[6], For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]:69[3], Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. Imelda Marcos was the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled over the . Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. Dictatorships arise through violence or non-violent means, but they almost always result in the loss of liberties, corruption, and human rights abuses. Many personalist regimes will install open ballots to protect their regimes and implement heavy security measures and censorship for those whose personal preferences do not align with the values of the leader. Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. The methodology is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regardless of geopolitical, geographic, ethnic or religious considerations. Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. He arose to power in Italy in 1922, following the so-called 'March on Rome', in which his . Countries that start with: Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. [16], Most dictatorships are formed through military means or through a political party. W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. [1]:68. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. He was a German legislator, organizer of Nazi party and furthermore filled in as Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. [91], The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. Due to it, the countries went towards dictatorship. China - Communist Regime 4. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. [115], The Middle East and Northern Africa did not undergo liberalization during the third wave of democratisation, and most countries in this region remain dictatorships in the 21st century. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. Political culture: 5.00. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. Types. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. Some of the multi-party states with governing communist parties include Brazil, Nepal, India, and Russia. Francois Duvalier (1907 - 1971) The Haitian dictator, also known as Papa Doc, governed the Americas' poorest country from 1957 to he died in 1971. Some have been in power for decades, such as President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial New Guinea. #SOSCuba. Dictators are more likely to implement long-term investments into the country's economy if they feel secure in their power. [citation needed]The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word . [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. The head of state in most parliamentary democracies formally appoint the head of government. Syria - Well, it depends. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. [1] Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). He assumed office in August 1979 and has remained in power since then. In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. Dictators often employ illegal and/or immoral methods to maintain their power and control, including the use of secret police, indefinite arrests, and concentration camps. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected. [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. Photo: Lars Klove. In military dictatorships, it is the military that exerts complete or substantial control over the government rather than a political clique. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs. [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history.
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