The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. Topic guides / LS23 6AD Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. She was a Protestant. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Mary was spared. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. VAT reg no 816865400. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. It had to deal with Irish . Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Student / By instinct, Elizabeth was a Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Spouse: None. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Spain and France were the major European powers. 214 High Street, Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. - send 2000 to rebels. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. As such, I disagree with the statement. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Why was France a threat? In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. migration? Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. and reversing the religious settlement. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. This meant atholics did not think . Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. The attack was a success. VAT reg no 816865400. Use your outline Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Become a Member | 214 High Street, The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. . 2) This war was not a success. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. This increased tension between England and Spain. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. West Yorkshire, During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Roman Catholics . How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada.
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